La revolución informática en la que nos encontramos abre un mundo de posibilidades que cada día avanza más rápido, entre las que se encuentran los cripto-activos o las criptomonedas, que gracias a su tecnología blockchain buscan una estructura completamente descentralizada, asegurando transparencia y fiabilidad para los usuarios en el proceso de transacción. A diferencia de los bancos, para la gestión de las criptomonedas, no existe una entidad central que realice la verificación y la autorización, sino son los propios miembros de la red que realizarán estas tareas a través de miles y miles de computadoras conectadas de manera permanentemente que resuelven problemas computacionales complejos para mantener un nivel alto de seguridad, lo que a su vez supone un problema ambiental debido al alto consumo energético y generación de grandes cantidades de gases efecto invernadero contribuyendo en el cambio climático. Por ello, en este artículo buscamos mencionar el Impacto de las criptomonedas en el medio ambiente
¿Qué son las criptomonedas?
Hay más de 10.000 criptomonedas en el mundo y cada día se generan nuevas monedas. Según la web del Banco Santander, una criptomoneda es un activo digital que utiliza un cifrado encriptado para asegurar su propiedad, garantizar la integridad de las transacciones y controlar la creación de unidades adicionales, es decir, para evitar que alguien como nosotros haga una copia, como una imagen. Estas monedas no existen en forma física, y por lo general se almacenan en billeteras digitales.
¿Qué es el blockchain?
Una «blockchain», definida en español como “cadena de bloques”, contiene la información encriptada de una transacción en la red, enlazada entre sí, lo que permite transmitir datos mediante un cifrado bastante seguro mediante el uso de una contraseña.
La transferencia no exige que un tercero certifique la información, ya que se distribuye entre una serie de nodos independientes e iguales para verificar y validar la información sin conocerse entre sí. (CNN, 2021) Asimismo, como parte del proceso blockchain, está la minería. Es el proceso mediante el cual se crean nuevos archivos de cifrado (criptomonedas) utilizando computadoras para resolver innumerables problemas matemáticos complejos que no se pueden resolver manualmente. Sin embargo, estas actividades requieren grandes cantidades de tecnología informática y de energía.
Te compartimos una imagen, donde puedes observar cómo funciona el blockchain
¿Por qué las criptomonedas contaminan el medio ambiente si son monedas virtuales?
Las máquinas dedicadas a “minar” bitcoins, por dar un ejemplo, son computadoras especializadas que se conectan a una red de criptomonedas, su trabajo es verificar las transacciones que realizan las personas que envían o reciben las monedas, en un proceso que implica resolver complejos acertijos matemáticos.
Como recompensa, los mineros a veces reciben una pequeña cantidad de bitcoin que a menudo se compara con la lotería. Para aumentar las ganancias, los mineros conectan una gran cantidad de computadoras con el objetivo de aumentar sus posibilidades de ganar bitcoins. Y dado que las computadoras trabajan casi todo el día y la noche para resolver acertijos, el consumo de energía es muy alto. Con base en lo anterior, la cantidad de recursos invertidos en la minería de criptomonedas es obvia y solo así podemos enfocarnos en la mayor preocupación ambiental, por ejemplo:
1) la cantidad de energía requerida
2) dispositivos electrónicos usados y desechados
3) Refrigeración.
4) materiales
5) Partes de la arquitectura sin electricidad.
Según la BBC, mientras el Reino Unido consume 300 teravatios por hora, los mineros consumen aproximadamente 450 por hora, pero los estudios no pueden verificarse por completo con respecto a la información sobre la cantidad de mineros, la cantidad de máquinas utilizadas para trabajar y la frecuencia de su funcionamiento, trabajo y detalles de otras operaciones, las estadísticas fluctúan constantemente, es por eso que los resultados no son los mismos en todas las encuestas y/o investigaciones. Asimismo, dado que se desconoce el paradero de los mineros y sus máquinas, no es posible verificar si la energía utilizada es renovable.
Bitcóin y el cambio climático
Está claro que casi todas las actividades que utilizan Internet hoy en día (enviar correos electrónicos, navegar por las redes sociales, enviar dinero a través de su banco…) contribuyen a las emisiones de dióxido de carbono a la atmósfera. Sin embargo, bitcoin exacerba eso.
El Centro de Energía Alternativa de la Universidad de Cambridge utiliza el llamado Índice de Consumo de Electricidad de Bitcoin (BECI) para calcular el consumo de energía. Al momento de escribir este artículo, el BECI es de 140.81 TWh (vatio-hora). Las estimaciones máximas y mínimas varían ampliamente y actualmente son 516 TWh y 47 TWh respectivamente. Según un informe de septiembre de 2020 del Centro de Finanzas Alternativas de Cambridge, casi el 40 % de la capacidad de minería de criptomonedas es renovable. Este es un buen porcentaje en comparación con otros consumidores de electricidad, aunque no parece suficiente para calcular la verdadera huella de carbono de bitcoin.
Usando estimaciones promedio del Centro de Investigación de Cambridge, más de 90 TWh de bitcoin dependen de energía no renovable. Así, según la Agencia de Protección Ambiental (EPA), el consumo de electricidad de fuentes no renovables es de aproximadamente 10 millones de hogares durante el año.
Los defensores de Bitcoin se esconden detrás del gasto bancario tradicional en energía, que incluye no solo tecnología, transacciones bancarias y con tarjeta, sino también el transporte del efectivo, oficinas y más. El director ejecutivo de Securifying sugiere que el sistema bancario tradicional, incluidos los cajeros automáticos, requiere alrededor de 100 TWh al año. Aún así, estaría un tercio por detrás del consumo de bitcóin. Otra ironía es que el sistema bancario tradicional está cerrando sucursales, despidiendo trabajadores e invirtiendo en banca electrónica.
¿Qué se está haciendo?
Más importante que señalar y culpar, la salida de esta crisis es encontrar alternativas que no solo sean mejores para la tierra sino que tampoco sacrifiquen los avances que traen las criptomonedas. Michael Saylor, fundador y director ejecutivo de MicroStrategy, dijo que el 2021 es el año en que las operaciones mineras de bitcoin invertirán un capital significativo en el desarrollo de tecnologías renovables y sostenibles.
Una solución simple es trasladar la minería a países o Estados con más energía renovable. De manera similar, otros informes sugieren que esta preocupación por el impacto ambiental puede ser beneficiosa a largo plazo, ya que estimulará la adopción de energías renovables para impulsar los esfuerzos de la industria de Bitcoin.
Por otro lado, las soluciones también están del lado del software. Ethereum, la criptomoneda, ha mejorado sus operaciones en los últimos años para hacerlo más eficiente y reducir el consumo de energía, cortándolo en un 99 % en 2019.
Independientemente de sus orígenes, lo cierto es que las criptomonedas ahora están reinventando su funcionamiento para satisfacer las necesidades de un público cada vez más consciente de nuestro impacto en el planeta. Es innegable que la revolución de las criptomonedas se ha manifestado en muchos de nuestros sistemas actuales, pero la innovación y el desarrollo no pueden darse a expensas del medio ambiente.
Escrito por: Nuestra Directora
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